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CHAPTER VIII.
1. Discovery of Port Phillip.—The discovery of Bass Strait in 1798 had
rendered it possible for the captains of ships bound for Sydney to shorten
somewhat their voyage thither; and as this was recognised by the English
Government to be a great advantage, a small vessel, the Lady Nelson, was
sent out under the command of Lieutenant Grant, in order to make a thorough
exploration of the passage. She reached the Australian coast at the boundary
between the two present colonies of Victoria and South Australia. Grant called
the cape he first met with Cape Northumberland. He saw and named Cape Nelson,
Portland Bay, Cape Schanck, and other features of the coast. When he arrived in
Sydney he called the attention of Governor King to a small inlet which he had
not been able to examine, although it seemed to him of importance. In 1802 the
Governor sent back the Lady Nelson, now under the command of Lieutenant
Murray, to explore this inlet. Lieutenant Murray entered it, and found that a
narrow passage led to a broad sheet of water, thoroughly landlocked, though of
very considerable extent. He reported favourably of the beauty and fertility of
its shores, and desired to name it Port King, in honour of the Governor; but
Governor King requested that this tribute should be paid to the memory of his
old commander, the first Australian Governor, and thus the bay received its
present name, Port Phillip. Only sixty days later Flinders also entered the
bay; but when he arrived, some time afterwards, in Sydney, he was surprised to
find he was not the first discoverer.
It was at this time that the Governor in
Sydney was afraid of the intrusion of the French upon Australian soil, and when
he heard how favourable the appearance of this port was for settlement he
resolved to have it more carefully explored. Accordingly he sent a small
schooner, the Cumberland, under the charge of Mr. Robbins, to make the
examination. The vessel carried Charles Grimes, the Surveyor-General of New
South Wales, and his assistant, Meehan; also a surgeon named MʻCallum, and a liberated
convict named Flemming, who was to report on the agricultural capabilities of
the district.
On arriving at Port Phillip they commenced a
systematic survey, Robbins sounding the bay, and making a careful chart, while
the other four were every morning landed on the shore to examine the country.
They walked ten or fifteen miles each day, and in the evening were again taken
on board the schooner. Thus they walked from the site of Sorrento round by Brighton
till they reached the river Yarra, which they described as a large fresh-water
stream, but without naming it. Then they went round the bay as far as Geelong.
They carried a good chart and several long reports to the Governor at Sydney,
who would probably have sent a party down to settle by the Yarra, had it not
been that an expedition had already set sail from England for the purpose of
occupying the shores of Port Phillip.
2. Governor Collins.—This was the expedition of David Collins,
already mentioned. He brought out nearly 400 persons, of whom over 300 were
convicts. There is good reason to believe that Collins from the first would
have preferred to settle at the Derwent, in Tasmania, but at any rate he
carried out his work at Port Phillip in a very half-hearted manner. Tuckey
chose for the settlement a sandy shore at Sorrento, where scarcely a drop of
fresh water was to be had, and where the blazing sun of midsummer must have
been unusually trying to a crowd of people fresh from colder climates.
It soon became apparent that the site
selected would never prove suitable, and Collins sent Lieutenant Tuckey in
search of a better place. That officer seems to have made a very inefficient
search. He found no river, and no stream better than the little one on which
the town of Frankston now stands. Here he was attacked by a great crowd of
blacks, and had a conflict with them sufficiently severe to prevent his landing
again. He was thus debarred from exploration by land, and the stormy weather
prevented him from remaining long in the open bay. Tuckey therefore returned
with a very gloomy report, and increased the despondency of the little
community. Every one was dull and dispirited, except the two or three children
who had been allowed to accompany their convict parents. Among these, the
leader of all their childish sports, was a little lad named John Pascoe
Fawkner, who was destined to be afterwards of note in the history of Port
Phillip. Everybody grew dispirited under the heat, the want of fresh water, and
the general wretchedness of the situation; and very soon all voices were
unanimous in urging the Governor to remove. Collins then sent a boat, with
letters, to Sydney, and Governor King gave him permission to cross over to
Tasmania. He lost not a moment in doing so, and founded the settlement at the
Derwent, to which reference has already been made.
Before he left, there were four convicts who
took advantage of the confusion to escape into the bush, hoping to make their
way to Sydney. One returned, footsore and weary, just in time to be taken on
board; the other three were not again seen. Two are believed to have perished
of hunger, and thirty-two years passed away before the fate of the third was
discovered.
3. Western Port.—When Hume and Hovell returned to Sydney
after their exploring expedition, Hovell insisted that the fine harbour he had
seen was Western Port. He had really been at Geelong Harbour, but was all that
distance astray in his reckoning. Induced by his report, the Government sent an
expedition under Captain Wright to form a settlement at Western Port. Hovell
went with him to give the benefit of his experience. They landed on Phillip
Island; but the want of a stream of permanent water was a disadvantage, and
soon after they crossed to the mainland on the eastern shore, where they
founded a settlement, building wooden huts and one or two brick cottages.
Hovell had now to confess that the place he had formerly seen was not Western
Port, and he went off in search of the fine country he had previously seen, but
came back disappointed. The settlement struggled onward for about a year, and
was then withdrawn.
It is not easy to explain in a few words why
they abandoned their dwellings and the land they had begun to cultivate. It
seems to have been due to a general discontent. However, there were private
settlers in Tasmania who would have carried out the undertaking with much more
energy. For in Tasmania the sheep had been multiplying at a great rate, while
the amount of clear and grassy land in that island was very limited. One of the
residents in Tasmania, named John Batman, who has been already mentioned,
conceived the idea of forming an association among the Tasmanian sheep-owners,
for the purpose of crossing Bass Strait and occupying with their flocks the
splendid grassy lands which explorers had seen there.
4. Batman.—John Batman was a native of Parramatta, but
when he was about twenty-one years of age he had left his home to seek his
fortune in Tasmania. There he had taken up land and had settled down to the
life of a sheep-farmer in the country around Ben Lomond. But he was fond of a
life of adventure, and found enough of excitement for a time in the troubled
state of the colony. It was he who captured Brady, the leader of the
bushrangers, and he became well known during the struggle with the natives on
account of his success in dealing with them and in inducing them to surrender
peaceably. But when all these troubles were over, and he had to settle down to
the monotonous work of drafting and driving sheep, he found his land too rocky
to support his flocks. Knowing that others in Tasmania were in the same
difficulty, he and his friend Gellibrand, a lawyer in Hobart, in the year 1827
asked permission to occupy the grassy lands supposed to be round Western Port,
but the Governor in Sydney refused. In 1834 some of them resolved to go without
permission, and an association of thirteen members resolved to send sheep over
to Port Phillip, which was now known to be the more suitable harbour.
Before they sent the sheep, they resolved to
send some one to explore and report. John Batman naturally volunteered, and the
association chartered for him a little vessel, the Rebecca, in which,
after nineteen days of sea-sickness and miserable tossing in the strait, he
succeeded in entering Port Phillip on the 29th of May, 1835. Next morning he
landed near Geelong and walked to the top of the Barrabool Hills, wading most
of the way through grass knee-deep. On the following day he went in search of
the aboriginals, and met a party of about twenty women, together with a number
of children. With these he soon contrived to be on friendly terms; and after he
had distributed among them looking-glasses, blankets, handkerchiefs, apples and
sugar, he left them very well satisfied.
5. The Yarra. A day or two later the Rebecca anchored in Hobson’s Bay, in front of the ti-tree scrub and the lonely shores where now the streets of Williamstown extend in all directions. Batman again started on foot to explore that river whose mouth lay there in front of him. With fourteen men, all well armed, he passed up the river banks; but, being on the left side, he naturally turned up that branch which is called the Saltwater, instead of the main stream. After two days of walking through open grassy lands, admirably suited for sheep, they reached the site of Sunbury. From a hill at that place they could see fires about twenty miles to the south-east; and, as they were anxious to meet the natives, they bent their steps in that direction till they overtook a native man, with his wife and three children. To his great satisfaction, he learnt that these people knew of his friendly meeting with the women in the Geelong district. They guided him to the banks of the Merri Creek, to the place where their whole tribe was encamped. He stayed with them all night, sleeping in a pretty grassy hollow beside the stream. In the morning he offered to buy a portion of their land, and gave them a large quantity of goods, consisting of scissors, knives, blankets, looking-glasses, and articles of this description. In return, they granted him all the land stretching from the Merri Creek to Geelong. Batman had the documents drawn up, and on the Northcote Hill, overlooking the grass-covered flats of Collingwood and the sombre forests of Carlton and Fitzroy, the natives affixed their marks to the deeds, by which Batman fancied he was legally put in possession of 600,000 acres. Trees were cut with notches, in order to fix the boundaries, and in the afternoon Batman took leave of his black friends. He had not gone far before he was stopped by a large swamp, and so slept for the night under the great gum trees which then spread their shade over the ground now covered by the populous streets of West Melbourne. In the morning he found his way round the swamp, and in trying to reach the Saltwater came upon a noble stream, which was afterwards called the Yarra. In the evening he reached his vessel in the bay. Next day he ascended the Yarra in a boat; and when he came to the Yarra Falls, he wrote in his diary, “This will be the place for a village,” unconscious that he was gazing upon the site of a great and busy city. Returning to Indented Head, near the heads of Port Phillip, he left three white men and his Sydney natives to cultivate the soil and retain possession of the land he supposed himself to have purchased. Then he set sail for Tasmania, where he and his associates began to prepare for transporting their households, their sheep and their cattle, to the new country.
CHAPTER IX.
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